Sugar mills on the outskirts of Porto de Galinhas PE, date back to colonial Brazil.

The historical origins and the social and economic development of the state of Pernambuco are closely linked to the sugar agro-industry, which, after four centuries at its peak, has left the Pernambucans a legacy of countless customs and traditions that are still firmly rooted in the local culture, as well as material testimonies of exceptional historical, artistic and scenic value.

Over the years, however, this heritage has suffered successive damages and losses as a result of the modernisation of the sugar production process and the lack of measures to protect it.

As a result, the few remaining sugar mills in Pernambuco are, with rare exceptions, in a state of abandonment and/or ruin.

The Gaipió sugar mill, located in the rural area of the municipality of Ipojuca, is one of these rare exceptions.

The flow of tourists in Port de Galinhas, on the south coast of Pernambuco, is intense in January, mainly because of the sea and the controversial strip of sand.

Visitors can come into contact with properties that date back to colonial Brazil. Visitors to the region should take a few hours to travel back in time and visit three sugar mills that are still in full operation.

Sugar mills on the outskirts of Porto de Galinhas PE

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Engenho Gaipió em Ipojuca PE43:15

Engenho Massangana no Cabo de Santo Agostinho PE06:04

Engenho Massangana - Único Engenho Pernambucano ligado a abolição55:03

1 Gaipió Sugal Mill

One of the most important in the region, Engenho Gaipió is located in the rural area of Ipojucana and was long the home of important Pernambuco personalities, such as the former governor Ambrósio Machado da Cunha Cavalcanti.

The Big House, built in 1863, preserves the neoclassical style furniture and decoration typical of 19th century society.

The Gaipió Mill has preserved its architectural and landscape ensemble, even after undergoing considerable changes as a result of the partial expropriation for land reform purposes carried out in 1997 by the National Institute for Colonisation and Agrarian Reform (INCRA).

The construction of Engenho Gaipió dates from 1783 to 1787. According to historical accounts researched by Ipojuca’s Special Secretariat for Culture, the Chapel was built next to the Casa Grande in honour of Saint Joseph, who became the mill’s patron saint.

Seventy-six years later, in 1863, Félix da Câmara Pimentel, grandson of the mill’s founder, moved the Casa Grande to the hill next door.

A neoclassical mansion and a new chapel were built on the same site as his grandfather’s.

The local religious festival dates back to the end of the 18th century, but records have been kept for the last 100 years.

There was a period when the feast of St Joseph was cancelled after part of the mill became an INCRA settlement in the 1990s, leaving part of the mill, the Casa Grande and the chapel outside the boundary.

Owners of the rest of Engenho Gaipió, where the Chapel of São José and the Casa Grande are located, the Marroquim family decided to reactivate the religious festival in 2003, reviving the date and incorporating the traditional procession and masses into the folkloric and popular part.

Ipojuca is about 21 kilometres from Porto de Galinhas.

2. Massangana Sugar Mill

The Massangana Mill is a 19th-century rural architecture complex consisting of the Casa-Grande and the Chapel of São Mateus on an area of ten hectares, located in Cabo de Santo Agostinho, in the state of Pernambuco.

The name of the mill, which is of African origin, comes from the Massangana River which, at the height of the sugar boom, was used to transport what was produced locally and in the region’s mills to the Port of Recife.

Tristão de Mendonça is believed to have founded the Massangana Mill, through the donation of a piece of land in the municipality by Duarte Coelho, the first grantee of the Captaincy of Pernambuco.

Listed as a National Abolition Park at state level, Massangana was the place where the illustrious Pernambucanian Joaquim Nabuco lived during his childhood, and is described by him as the place where he built the foundation of his abolitionist ideals.

These accounts can be found in his book Minha Formação (1910), the contents of which are explored in the permanent exhibition Nabuco and Massangana: time revisited.

In addition to spontaneous visits, the Centre systematically welcomes students.

Through a educational programme, topics such as the legacy of Joaquim Nabuco‘s thought, slavery and the liberation struggles, Afro-Brazilian culture and the sugarcane economy, with the aim of contributing to the production of new knowledge and strengthening cultural heritage awareness and cultural identity.

The property has a Furniture Museum of the same period, located in the main building, and the Baroque Chapel of São Mateus. It was in these rooms that the writer Joaquim Nabuco spent much of his childhood and began his abolitionist struggle.

Porto de Galinhas Beach is the main tourist centre on the south coast, just 33 km from Cabo Santo Agostinho.

The importance of sugar mills in Brazilian history

Sugar mills have played a fundamental role in Brazilian history, especially during the colonial period. Here are some of their most important:

1. Economic Base: Sugar mills were the backbone of Brazil’s colonial economy. Sugar production became one of the main economic activities, generating wealth and contributing to Brazil’s growth as a Portuguese colony.
2. Social development: The sugar industry led to the formation of large rural estates and the creation of a social class of sugar mill owners who became influential in Brazilian politics and society. This also contributed to the emergence of a stratified society.
3. Slave labour : Sugar production was characterised by the intensive use of slave labour, mainly Africans. This labour system had profound social and cultural implications, shaping Brazil’s demography and identity.
4. Culture and traditions: The sugar mills influenced various cultural traditions, including cuisine, music and festivals. Afro-Brazilian culture, for example, developed largely in response to this reality.
5. Historical Heritage: Mills are an important part of Brazil’s historical and architectural heritage. Many engenhos, such as the Engenho Gaipió and the Engenho Massangana, have been preserved as testimonies of colonial history, offering an insight into the life and economy of the time.
6. Environmental impact: The expansion of the sugar mills had a significant impact on the environment, leading to deforestation and the conversion of natural landscapes into agricultural areas.
7. International Relations: Brazilian sugar was an important export product that established and strengthened trade relations between Brazil and Europe, especially with Portugal and other European countries.

In short, the sugar mills not only shaped the economy and society of colonial Brazil, but also left a lasting legacy that continues to influence the country’s culture and history.

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